Buffer and adjust pH, 2. … They contain one or more active ingredients dissolved or uniformly dispersed in a suitable base and any suitable excipients such as emulsifiers, viscosity-increasing agents, antimicrobial agents, antioxidants, or stabilizing agents. List reasons for the incorporation of drugs into various dosage forms 2. interrelationships of dosage forms and routes of administra-and testing of the dosage form. Topical semi-solid dosage forms are normally presented in the form of creams, gels, ointments, or pastes. • Alteration of API crystalline form (crystal type or habit) • Aggregation of API J. A dosage form of a drug is a product suited for administration to the patient by various routes for diagnosis or treatment of disease. Increase solubility, 4. 56 New Drug Approval Process Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Richard A Guarmo 57 Pharmaceutical Process Validation Second Edition, Revised and Ex-panded, edited by Ira R Berry and Robert A Nash 58 Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems, edited byAshim K Mttra 59 Pharmaceutical Skin Penetration Enhancement, edited by Kenneth A This paper describes hitherto developed drug forms for topical ocular administration, that is, eye drops, ointments, in situ gels, inserts, multicompartment drug delivery systems, and ophthalmic drug forms with bioadhesive properties. Stabilize the active ingredients against decomposition , 3. Heretofore, many studies have demonstrated that new and more complex ophthalmic drug forms exhibit advantage over traditional ones and are able to … Ophthalmic suspensions are sterile liquid preparations containing solid particles dispersed in a liquid vehicle intended for application to the eye (see Suspensions). It is imperative that such suspensions contain the drug in a micronized form to prevent irritation and/or scratching of the cornea. • The inactive ingredients in ophthalmic solution and suspension dosage forms are necessary to perform one or more of the following functions: • Adjust concentration and tonicity 1. Dosage Form Design: Pharmaceutical and Formulation Considerations 4 SECTION II DRUG DOSAGE FORM AND DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM DESIGN After reading this chapter, the student will be able to: 1. Compare and contrast the advantages/disadvantages of various drug dosage forms 3. Ophthalmic Drug Dosage Forms: Characterisation and Research Methods Przemys BawBaranowski,Bo henaKarolewicz,MaciejGajda,andJanuszPluta Department of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska A, - Wroclaw, Poland Correspondence should be addressed to Przemys aw B aranowski; przemyslaw.baranowski@umed.wroc.pl Specific Tests for Ophthalmic Dosage Forms • Sterility Tests <71> • Ophthalmic Ointments <771> (e.g., Added substances, leakage, metal particles)